# covariant derivative chain rule

Tensors:Covariant di erentiation (Dated: September 2019) I. A strict rule is that contravariant vector 1. Viewed 47 times 1. Using the chain rule this becomes: (3.4) Expanding this out we get: ... We next define the covariant derivative of a scalar field to be the same as its partial derivative, i.e. This is fundamental in general relativity theory because one of Einstein s ideas was that masses warp space-time, thus free particles will follow curved paths close influence of this mass. I was wondering if someone could help me with this section of my textbook involving the covariant derivative. Chain rule for higher order colocally weakly diﬀerentiable maps 16 4.1. The essential mistake in Bingo's derivation is to adopt the "usual" chain rule. In a reference frame where the partial derivative of the metric is zero (i.e. Suppose we have a curve , where is an open subset of surface , also is the starting point and is the tangent vector of the curve at .If we take the derivative of , we will see that it depends on the parametrization.E.g. Active 26 days ago. All of the above was for a contravariant vector field named V. Things are slightly different for covariant vector fields. Geometric preliminaries 10 3.2. The D we keep for gauge covariant derivatives, as for example in the Standard Model $\endgroup$ – DanielC Jul 19 '19 at 16:03 $\begingroup$ You need to clarify what you mean by “ the Leibnitz product rule”. Covariant derivative, parallel transport, and General Relativity 1. Higher order weak covariant derivatives and Sobolev spaces 15 4. Suppose that f : A → R is a real-valued function defined on a subset A of R n, and that f is differentiable at a point a. \tag{3}$$Now the Lagrangian is a scalar and hence I can deduce that the fermions with the raised indices must be vectors, for only then does the last term in (1) come out a scalar. Stuck on one step involving simplifying terms to yield zero. In Riemannian geometry, the existence of a metric chooses a unique preferred torsion-free covariant derivative, known as the Levi-Civita connection. Of course, the statement that the covariant derivative of any function of the metric is zero assumes that the covariant derivative of the differentiable function in question is defined, otherwise it is not applicable. called the covariant vector or dual vector or one-vector. So the raised indices on the fermions must be contravariant indices. So I can use the chain rule to write:$$ D_t\psi^i=\dot{x}^jD_j\psi^i. "The covariant derivative along a vector obeys the Leibniz rule with respect to the tensor product $\otimes$: for any $\vec{v}$ and any pair of tensor fields $(A,B)$: $$\nabla_{\vec{v}}(A\otimes B) = \nabla_{\vec{v}}A\otimes B + A\otimes\nabla_{\vec{v}}B$$ To show that the covariant derivative depends only on the intrinsic geometry of S , and also that it depends only on the tangent vector Y (not the curve ) , we will obtain a formula for DW/dt in terms of a parametrization X(u,v) of S near p . Geodesics in a differentiable manifold are trajectories followed by particles not subjected to forces. To compute it, we need to do a little work. it does not transform properly under coordinate transformation. Covariant derivatives act on vectors and return vectors. This can be proved only if you consider the time and space derivatives to be $\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t^\prime}=\dfrac{\parti... Stack Exchange Network. The projection of dX/dt along M will be called the covariant derivative of X (with respect to t), and written DX/dt. First, suppose that the function g is a parametric curve; that is, a function g : I → R n maps a subset I ⊂ R into R n. It was the extra $$\partial T$$ term introduced because of the chain rule when taking the derivative of $$TV$$: $$\partial (TV) = \partial T V + T \partial V$$ This meant that: $$\partial (TV) \ne T \partial V$$ The (total) derivative with respect to time of φ is expanded using the multivariate chain rule: (,) = ∂ ∂ + ˙ ⋅ ∇. For example, if $$λ$$ represents time and $$f$$ temperature, then this would tell us the rate of change of the temperature as a thermometer was carried through space. It is apparent that this derivative is dependent on the vector ˙ ≡, which describes a chosen path x(t) in space. Covariant derivative. You may recall the main problem with ordinary tensor differentiation. Second-order tensors in curvilinear coordinates. See also Covariance and contravariance of vectors In physics, a covariant transformation is a rule (specified below), that describes how certain physical entities change under a change of coordinate system. Covariant derivatives 1. Deﬁnition and properties of colocal weak covariant derivatives 11 3.3. where ∇y is the covariant derivative of the tensor, and u(x, t) is the flow velocity. The gauge covariant derivative is easiest to understand within electrodynamics, which is a U(1) gauge theory. Let (t) = X(u(t), v(t)) , and write W(t) = a(u(t), v(t)) Xu + b(u(t), v(t)) Xv = a(t) Xu + b(t) Xv. The components v k are the covariant components of the vector . Covariant derivatives are a means of differentiating vectors relative to vectors. Ask Question Asked 26 days ago. A second-order tensor can be expressed as = ⊗ = ⊗ = ⊗ = ⊗ The components S ij are called the contravariant components, S i j the mixed right-covariant components, S i j the mixed left-covariant components, and S ij the covariant components of the second-order tensor. A basis vector is a vector, so you can take the covariant derivative of it. The mnemonic is: \Co- is low and that’s all you need to know." Higher order covariant derivative chain rule. Sequences of second order Sobolev maps 13 3.4. showing that, unless the second derivatives vanish, dX/dt does not transform as a vector field. This is an understandable mistake which is due to subtle notation. Let us say that a 2-form F∈Ω2_{heq}(P;g) is covariant if it is the exterior covariant derivative of someone. The covariant derivative is a rule that takes as inputs: A vector, defined at point P, ; A vector field, defined in the neighborhood of P.; The output is also a vector at point P. Terminology note: In (relatively) simple terms, a tensor is very similar to a vector, with an array of components that are functions of a space’s coordinates. I was trying to prove that the derivative-four vector are covariant. This is just the generalization of the chain rule to a function of two variables. See also gauge covariant derivative for a treatment oriented to physics. In a coordinate chart with coordinates x1;:::;xn, let @ @xi be the vector ﬁeld generated by the curves {xj = constant;∀j ̸= i}. 1$\begingroup$Let$(M,g)$be a Riemannian manifold. Applying this to the present problem, we express the total covariant derivative as For example, it's about 160 miles from Dublin to Cork. Ask Question Asked 5 years, 9 months ago. This fact is a simple consequence of the chain rule for differentiation. Geometric calculus. Therefore the covariant derivative does not reduce to the partial derivative in this case. Visit Stack Exchange. Verification of product rule for covariant derivatives. 2 ALAN L. MYERS components are identi ed with superscripts like V , and covariant vector components are identi ed with subscripts like V . Colocal weak covariant derivatives and Sobolev spaces 10 3.1. A symmetrized derivative covariant derivative is symmetrization of a number of covariant derivatives: The main advantage of symmetrized derivatives is that they have a greater degree of symmetry than non-symmetrized (or ordinary) derivatives. Chain rule. What this means in practical terms is that we cannot check for parallelism at present -- even in E 3 if the coordinates are not linear.. In particular the term is used for… So strictly speaking, it should be written this way: ##(\nabla_j V)^k##. The labels "contravariant" and "covariant" describe how vectors behave when they are transformed into different coordinate systems. Stack Exchange network consists of 177 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Its meaning is "Component ##k## of the covariant derivative of ##V##", not "The covariant derivative of component ##k## of ##V##". The exterior covariant derivative extends the exterior derivative to vector valued forms. Vector fields In the following we will use Einstein summation convention. In theory, the covariant derivative is quite easy to describe. Using the de nition of the a ne connection, we can write: 0 (x 0) = @x0 @˘ @2˘ @x0 @x0 = @x0 @xˆ @xˆ @˘ @ @x0 @˘ @x0 (1) For the … Geodesics curves minimize the distance between two points. Active 5 years, 9 months ago. This is a higher-dimensional statement of the chain rule. There are two forms of the chain rule applying to the gradient. General relativity, geodesic, KVF, chain rule covariant derivatives Thread starter binbagsss; Start date Jun 25, 2017; Jun 25, 2017 Covariant Lie Derivatives. Viewed 1k times 3$\begingroup$I am trying to learn more about covariant differentiation. BEHAVIOR OF THE AFFINE CONNECTION UNDER COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION The a ne connection is not a tensor, i.e. In my setup, the covariant derivative acting on a s... Stack Exchange Network. The second derivative in the last term is that what the expected from acceleraton in new coordinate system. First we cover formal definitions of tangent vectors and then proceed to define a means to “covariantly differentiate”. Vectors behave when they are transformed into different coordinate systems raised indices on the fermions be... Vectors behave when they are transformed into covariant derivative chain rule coordinate systems forms of the vector erentiation ( Dated: September )... 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